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ar(1) GNU Development Tools ar(1)
NAME
ar - create, modify, and extract from archives.
SYNOPSIS
ar [-]{dmpqrtx}[abcfilNoPsSuvV] [membername] [count] archive files...
DESCRIPTION
The GNU ar program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. An
archive is a single file holding a collection of other files in a
structure that makes it possible to retrieve the original individual
files (called members of the archive).
The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and
group are preserved in the archive, and may be reconstituted on extrac-
tion.
GNU ar can maintain archives whose members have names of any length;
however, depending on how ar is configured on your system, a limit on
member-name length may be imposed (for compatibility with archive for-
mats maintained with other tools). If it exists, the limit is often 15
characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16 characters (typ-
ical of formats related to coff).
ar is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort are
most often used as libraries holding commonly needed subroutines.
ar will create an index to the symbols defined in relocatable object
modules in the archive when you specify the modifier `s'. Once creat-
ed, this index is updated in the archive whenever ar makes a change to
its contents (save for the `q' update operation). An archive with such
an index speeds up linking to the library, and allows routines in the
library to call each other without regard to their placement in the ar-
chive.
You may use `nm -s' or `nm --print-armap' to list this index table. If
an archive lacks the table, another form of ar called ranlib can be
used to add just the table.
ar insists on at least two arguments to execute: one keyletter specify-
ing the operation (optionally accompanied by other keyletters specify-
ing modifiers), and the archive name to act on.
Most operations can also accept further files arguments, specifying
particular files to operate on.
OPTIONS
GNU ar allows you to mix the operation code p and modifier flags mod in
any order, within the first command-line argument.
If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a dash.
The p keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be any of
the following, but you must specify only one of them:
d Delete modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules
to be deleted as files; the archive is untouched if you specify
no files to delete.
If you specify the `v' modifier, ar will list each module as it
is deleted.
m Use this operation to move members in an archive.
The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in
how programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is de-
fined in more than one member.
If no modifiers are used with m, any members you name in the
files arguments are moved to the end of the archive; you can use
the `a', `b', or `i' modifiers to move them to a specified place
instead.
p Print the specified members of the archive, to the standard out-
put file. If the `v' modifier is specified, show the member
name before copying its contents to standard output.
If you specify no files, all the files in the archive are print-
ed.
q Quick append; add files to the end of archive, without checking
for replacement.
The modifiers `a', `b', and `i' do not affect this operation;
new members are always placed at the end of the archive.
The modifier `v' makes ar list each file as it is appended.
Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol
table index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can
use `ar s' or ranlib explicitly to update the symbol table in-
dex.
However, too many different systems assume quick append rebuilds
the index, so GNU ar implements `q' as a synonym for `r'.
r Insert files into archive (with replacement). This operation
differs from `q' in that any previously existing members are
deleted if their names match those being added.
If one of the files named in files doesn't exist, ar displays an
error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members of
the archive matching that name.
By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but
you may use one of the modifiers `a', `b', or `i' to request
placement relative to some existing member.
The modifier `v' used with this operation elicits a line of out-
put for each file inserted, along with one of the letters `a' or
`r' to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member
deleted) or replaced.
t Display a table listing the contents of archive, or those of the
files listed in files that are present in the archive. Normally
only the member name is shown; if you also want to see the modes
(permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can re-
quest that by also specifying the `v' modifier.
If you do not specify any files, all files in the archive are
listed.
If there is more than one file with the same name (say, `fie')
in an archive (say `b.a'), `ar t b.a fie' will list only the
first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete
listing--in our example, `ar t b.a'.
x Extract members (named files) from the archive. You can use the
`v' modifier with this operation, to request that ar list each
name as it extracts it.
If you do not specify any files, all files in the archive are
extracted.
A number of modifiers (mod) may immediately follow the p keyletter, to
specify variations on an operation's behavior:
a Add new files after an existing member of the archive. If you
use the modifier a, the name of an existing archive member must
be present as the membername argument, before the archive speci-
fication.
b Add new files before an existing member of the archive. If you
use the modifier b, the name of an existing archive member must
be present as the membername argument, before the archive speci-
fication. (same as `i').
c Create the archive. The specified archive is always created if
it didn't exist, when you request an update. But a warning is
issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create
it, by using this modifier.
f Truncate names in the archive. ar will normally permit file
names of any length. This will cause it to create archives
which are not compatible with the native ar program on some sys-
tems. If this is a concern, the f modifier may be used to trun-
cate file names when putting them in the archive.
i Insert new files before an existing member of the archive. If
you use the modifier i, the name of an existing archive member
must be present as the membername argument, before the archive
specification. (same as `b').
l This modifier is accepted but not used.
N Uses the count parameter. This is used if there are multiple
entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete
instance count of the given name from the archive.
o Preserve the original dates of members when extracting them. If
you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the ar-
chive will be stamped with the time of extraction.
P Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. ar
can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives
are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can. This
option will cause ar to match file names using a complete path
name, which can be convenient when extracting a single file from
an archive created by another tool.
s Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an exist-
ing one, even if no other change is made to the archive. You
may use this modifier flag either with any operation, or alone.
Running `ar s' on an archive is equivalent to running `ranlib'
on it.
S Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up
building a large library in several steps. The resulting ar-
chive can not be used with the linker. In order to build a sym-
bol table, you must omit the `S' modifier on the last execution
of `ar', or you must run `ranlib' on the archive.
u Normally, ar r... inserts all files listed into the archive. If
you would like to insert only those of the files you list that
are newer than existing members of the same names, use this mod-
ifier. The `u' modifier is allowed only for the operation `r'
(replace). In particular, the combination `qu' is not allowed,
since checking the timestamps would lose any speed advantage
from the operation `q'.
v This modifier requests the verbose version of an operation.
Many operations display additional information, such as file-
names processed, when the modifier `v' is appended.
V This modifier shows the version number of ar.
SEE ALSO
`binutils' entry in info; The GNU Binary Utilities, Roland H. Pesch
(October 1991). nm(1), ranlib(1).
COPYING
Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free Documenta-
tion License, version 1.1. That license is described in the sources
for this manual page, but it is not displayed here in order to make
this manual more consise. Copies of this license can also be obtained
from: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Free Software Foundation 1999 ar(1)
Федотов А.М.
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