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as(1) GNU Development Tools as(1)
NAME
as - the portable GNU assembler.
SYNOPSIS
as [-a|-al|-as] [-D] [-f] [-I path] [-k] [-K] [-L] [-o objfile] [-R]
[-v] [-w] [-- | files...]
i960-only options:
[-ACA|-ACA_A|-ACB|-ACC|-AKA|-AKB|-AKC|-AMC] [-b] [-norelax]
m680x0-only options:
[-l] [-mc68000|-mc68010|-mc68020]
DESCRIPTION
GNU as is really a family of assemblers. If you use (or have used) the
GNU assembler on one architecture, you should find a fairly similar
environment when you use it on another architecture. Each version has
much in common with the others, including object file formats, most
assembler directives (often called pseudo-ops) and assembler syntax.
For information on the syntax and pseudo-ops used by GNU as, see `as'
entry in info (or the manual Using as: The GNU Assembler).
as is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C compiler
gcc for use by the linker ld. Nevertheless, we've tried to make as
assemble correctly everything that the native assembler would. This
doesn't mean as always uses the same syntax as another assembler for
the same architecture; for example, we know of several incompatible
versions of 680x0 assembly language syntax.
Each time you run as it assembles exactly one source program. The
source program is made up of one or more files. (The standard input is
also a file.)
If as is given no file names it attempts to read one input file from
the as standard input, which is normally your terminal. You may have
to type ctl-D to tell as there is no more program to assemble. Use
`--' if you need to explicitly name the standard input file in your
command line.
as may write warnings and error messages to the standard error file
(usually your terminal). This should not happen when as is run auto-
matically by a compiler. Warnings report an assumption made so that as
could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a grave problem
that stops the assembly.
OPTIONS
-a|-al|-as
Turn on assembly listings; `-al', listing only, `-as', symbols
only, `-a', everything.
-D This option is accepted only for script compatibility with calls
to other assemblers; it has no effect on as.
-f ``fast''--skip preprocessing (assume source is compiler output).
-I path
Add path to the search list for .include directives.
-k Handle position independent code, generated by gcc -fpic.
-K Handle position independent code, generated by gcc -fPIC. This
is normally the same as -k.
-L Keep (in symbol table) local symbols, starting with `L'
-o objfile
Name the object-file output from as
-R Fold data section into text section
-v Announce as version
-W Suppress warning messages
-- | files...
Source files to assemble, or standard input (--)
-Avar (When configured for Intel 960.) Specify which variant of the
960 architecture is the target.
-b (When configured for Intel 960.) Add code to collect statistics
about branches taken.
-norelax
(When configured for Intel 960.) Do not alter compare-and-
branch instructions for long displacements; error if necessary.
-l (When configured for Motorola 68000).
Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word instead of
two.
-mc68000|-mc68010|-mc68020
(When configured for Motorola 68000).
Specify what processor in the 68000 family is the target
(default 68020)
Options may be in any order, and may be before, after, or between file
names. The order of file names is significant.
`--' (two hyphens) by itself names the standard input file explicitly,
as one of the files for as to assemble.
Except for `--' any command line argument that begins with a hyphen
(`-') is an option. Each option changes the behavior of as. No option
changes the way another option works. An option is a `-' followed by
one or more letters; the case of the letter is important. All options
are optional.
The `-o' option expects exactly one file name to follow. The file name
may either immediately follow the option's letter (compatible with
older assemblers) or it may be the next command argument (GNU stan-
dard).
These two command lines are equivalent:
as -o my-object-file.o mumble.s
as -omy-object-file.o mumble.s
SEE ALSO
`as' entry in info; Using as: The GNU Assembler; gcc(1), ld(1).
HISTORY
A as command appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX.
COPYING
Copyright (c) 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a per-
mission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this man-
ual into another language, under the above conditions for modified ver-
sions, except that this permission notice may be included in transla-
tions approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the origi-
nal English.
cygnus support 21 January 1992 as(1)
Федотов А.М.
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